South sudan faces famine, potential genocide in civil war. A mere two years after achieving independence, south sudan in 20 descended into violent civil war, refuting us government claims that the countrys succession was a major foreign policy success and would end endemic conflict. The war started in southern sudan but spread to other places including the nuba mountains and the blue nile region. The south sudan liberation movementarmy sslma, which operates in the upper nile region, was established in 1999 in the context of infight ing among the nuer and now opposes the splm rule of south sudan. More than 800,000 people have been displaced inside south sudan and more than 250,000 people have fled to. It soon proved to be a disaster for the population, a threat to the integrity of the worlds youngest state and an embarrassment and.
The crackdown on its prodemocracy movement has been brutal, but there may be worse to come, including civil war and a flood of asylumseekers. In 2017, south sudans civil war entered its fourth year, spreading across the country with new fighting in greater upper nile, western bahr al ghazal, and the equatorias, featuring highly. Pdf an introduction to the sudan economy download full. Less than a year after the old greater sudan split into the northern republic of sudan and the new republic of south sudanor north and south sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. On 15 december 20 the worlds newest state descended into civil war. Pdf the roots of the darfur conflict and the chadian civil war.
Peace agreement, ending 22 years of civil war in sudan. After nearly three years of civil war, south sudan has ceased to perform. I was initially motivated to write about the first civil war in sudan. At this particular moment, the main parties involved in the ongoing civil war are troops of president salva kiir representing the government and the opposing forces are of former vice president machar. Box mp 167 mt pleasant, harare mphil student and assistant lecturer in the war and strategic studies unit at the university of zimbabwe. My intent to write about the history of the first civil war in sudan is based on two.
The first sudanese civil war south african history online. The sudans civil war, also the first in postcolonial africa, began, with the torit mutiny, a few months before independence was attained on 1 january 1956. Years of international efforts to bring an end to decades of conflict by helping to negotiate the. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the sudanese governments disregard for the western region and its nonarab population. South sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. It soon proved to be a disaster for the population, a threat to the integrity of the. The reprioritisation of its mandated tasks has essentially divided the country in two for the beleaguered unmiss. The untold story from independence to civil war johnson, hilde f. The most recent struggle, begun in 1983, cost the country over 2 million lives and has displaced over 4 million people cia factbook, 2005. In addition to the sudan, the republic of south sudan shares borders with ethiopia. It lasted for 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled to lead the splm in opposition splmio. The government of sudan and rebels, prodded by western powers led by the united states, eventually signed an agreement in january 2005, known as the comprehensive peace agreement cpa, ending the countrys long civil war.
Most of post colonial history of sudan has been violence accurate accusation of genocide in two different region north vs south conflict darfur, save darfur campaigns west sudan religion, way of life an all sorts of things over lap. A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the darfur region in western sudan. Mar 25, 2017 the country of south sudan gained its independence from sudan in 2011, but two years later, this new nation of 11 million people became embroiled in civil war. Pdf a year of south sudans third civil war researchgate. The roots of the darfur conflict and the chadian civil war article pdf available in public culture 203. Stopping a spiral into civil war the african union has rightly suspended the countrys membership. In the first civil war, from 1955 to 1972, southern insurgents, called the anya nya, fought against gos for greater autonomy. The charleston light dragoons in the civil war civil war sesquicentennial edition civil war sesquicentennial edition university of south carolina press they poured fire on us from the sky. It argues that predation by armed groups during the second civil war 19832005 initiated a process of dominant class formation, and demonstrates how, through various strategies of resource capture and kinship networks, commanders from. Western and gulf powers should take urgent steps to compel sudans interim leaders to accept a civilianled transitional administration. Pdf civil wars in greater sudan and south sudan civil war. The second sudanese civil war was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central sudanese government and the sudan peoples liberation army. Before south sudan gained independence in 2011, sudan was the largest country on the african continent.
A brief history of the civil war in south sudan comboni. The most recent sudanese civil war 19832005 was directly related to the first. This has caused a civil war between the major ethnic groups within the country. Dec 23, 2018 the second sudanese civil war was an intense 22year conflict between the central government in khartoum and the sudan peoples liberation army spla. Ending the war was also advantageous for this would strengthen his political powerbase. This informational text explains the causes and consequences of the civil wars in sudan and south sudan. By 1969, anya nya controlled most of southern sudan.
It lasted for 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The new civil war in south sudan began in december 20. The battalion attracted discontented southerners determined to resolve their grievances by military means under the flag of the recently announced sudan peoples liberation movement sslm and its military wing, the sudan peoples liberation army spla. The war continued even after nimeiry was ousted in 1985 and a democratic government was elected. Their rebellion formed the nucleus of the anyanya separatist movement,which was to fight sudan s first civil war for seventeen years. I realized this dream when i completed my doctoral dissertation, war and conflict in the southern sudan, 19551972, in the history department at the university of california, santa barbara, in 1999. It bordered egypt and libya to the north, as well as seven other nations to its east, west, and south. The roots of the darfur conflict and the chadian civil war. This report, supported by the middle east and africa center at. Dec, 2011 in the first civil war, from 1955 to 1972, southern insurgents, called the anya nya, fought against gos for greater autonomy. Examining the status of the south sudan civil war and discussing the evolving.
The genesis, dynamics and effects of the civil war in south sudan mr. The council on foreign relations cfr is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think. Sudans civil war and mitigating the regions other interstate hostilities and intrastate conflicts will require the united states to break out of the geographic and thematic silos that currently constrain its strategic vision and action, to recognize how its influence is best applied at the. Download pdf an introduction to the sudan economy book full free. In december 20, president kiir accused his former deputy riek machar and ten others of attempting a coup detat. Following this war, sudan was distanced from the west while soviets moved in to support the government cooper, 2003.
This article addresses the social and political implications of wartime and postwar resource capture in south sudan. Since civil war broke out in south sudan in december 20, over 50,000 people have been killedpossibly as many as 383,000, according to a recent estimateand nearly four million people have. South sudan, which separated from sudan in 2011 after almost 40 years of civil war, was drawn into a devastating new conflict in late 20, when a political dispute that overlapped with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines turned violent. Pdf the new civil war in south sudan began in december 20. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict kuntzelman 83 cause of southern sudans current underdevelopment is rooted. In1972,highleveldelegates from boththesudanesegovernment and the guerrilla forces met in addis ababa, ethiopia, and after a series of 5 kebbede. Although it originated in southern sudan, the civil war spread to the nuba mountains and blue nile. Race and religion in civil war berkley center for religion. In south sudan there are a total of 64 different ethnic groups. More than 800,000 people have been displaced inside south sudan and more than 250,000 people have fled to neighboring countries as a result of the conflict.
Ending south sudans civil war council on foreign relations. The war in darfur, also nicknamed the land cruiser war, is a major armed conflict in the darfur region of sudan that began in february 2003 when the sudan liberation movement slm and the justice and equality movement jem rebel groups began fighting the government of sudan, which they accused of oppressing darfurs nonarab population. From independence to civil war united states holocaust memorial. The comprehensive peace agreement in 2005 brought with it a sixyear interim ceasefire period that was followed by official handover of power from the sudan to the republic of south sudan. An introduction to the sudan economy available for download and read online in other formats. Ottaway and elsadany 2012 explain that the civil war was complicated, not only due. Conflict in south sudan and the challenges ahead congressional research service summary south sudan, which separated from sudan in 2011 after almost 40 years of civil war, was drawn into a devastating new conflict in late 20, when a political dispute that overlapped with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines turned violent. Institute of peace, june 2011, filesresourcessr278.
Second civil war ends when the government of sudan and the splma sign the 2005 comprehensive peace agreement. Conflict analysis and options for systemic conflict. The south sudanese civil war was a conflict in south sudan between forces of the government and opposition forces. In 1955 the southern garrison at torit mutinied on hearing that they were to be transferred to the north. This case study explores the background and bases for sudans two civil wars. The sudan was the first african territory administered by britain to be granted independence after world war two. Their rebellion formed the nucleus of the anyanya separatist movement,which was to fight sudans first civil war for seventeen years.
Continuing fighting has displaced more than 1,000,000 and killed over 10,000 while a humanitarian crisis threatens many more. Sudans civil war began in 1983, when the non arab inhabitant, mostly non muslim, from the south, consistently being discriminated by the muslims who inhabited the north and deprived of economic help from the government took up arms and started an armed resistance. It argues that predation by armed groups during the second civil war 19832005 initiated a process of dominant class formation, and demonstrates how, through various strategies of resource capture and kinship networks, commanders from the sudan peoples liberation. Other minor rebel groups include the shilluk, bari, zande, balanda etc. Second sudanese civil war project gutenberg selfpublishing.
A civil war by any other name crisis group africa report n217, 10 april 2014 page ii additional challenges. Civil war commenced, which lasted for more than twenty years. The country of south sudan gained its independence from sudan in 2011, but two years later, this new nation of 11 million people became embroiled in civil war. The second civil war ended with the signing of the comprehensive peace agreement that was put. In 1971, the rebel group integrated into the southern sudan liberation movement, or sslm, the precursor to todays sudan peoples liberation movementarmy, or splma. Sudan and its civil war sudan is a country in northern africa with a population of around 40,000,000 people sudan 2. Lacking democratic means to mediate these differences, the nation plunged into its first civil war almost immediately after independence. Although it originated in southern sudan, the civil war spread to the nuba mountains and the blue nile. Up to 10,000 people are estimated to have been killed. The war started in southern sudan but spread to other places including. It links the civil war in south sudan to systematic marginalization of the african populations of.
The cold war played an important role in the sudanese civil wars, particularly in the first war 19561978. The second sudanese civil war was an intense 22year conflict between the central government in khartoum and the sudan peoples liberation army spla. Most of post colonial history of sudan has been violence accurate accusation of genocide in two different region north vs south conflict darfur, save darfur campaigns west sudan. This paper argues that it is simplistic to attribute the recent civil war in south sudan to the presence and exploration of crude oil in that country. Sudan has two distinct major cultures, arab and black african, which have different. Learn about the civil war in south sudan, sanctions imposed by the united states and europe, and other recent developments on cfrs global conflict tracker. Prior to the six day war in 1967, the united kingdom supported the sudanese government. Prior to independence, the unified sudan had fought two civil wars. Darlington mutanda university of zimbabwe, history department war and strategic studies unit p. Numerous ceasefires, agreements, and peace discussions occurred during the 1990s but bore little fruit. It was largely a continuation of the first sudanese civil war of 1955 to 1972.
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